超聲波清洗機(jī)的原理與使用方法詳解

　　Detailed explanation of the principle and usage of ultrasonic cleaning machine

　　超聲波清洗機(jī)是一種利用高頻聲波能量進(jìn)行高效清潔的設(shè)備，廣泛應(yīng)用于工業(yè)、醫(yī)療、實驗室和家庭等領(lǐng)域。其獨(dú)特的清洗原理使其能夠有效清除復(fù)雜形狀物體表面的頑固污垢。下面將從工作原理、設(shè)備結(jié)構(gòu)、使用方法及注意事項等方面進(jìn)行全面介紹。

　　Ultrasonic cleaning machine is a device that uses high-frequency sound wave energy for efficient cleaning, widely used in industrial, medical, laboratory, and household fields. Its unique cleaning principle enables it to effectively remove stubborn dirt from the surface of complex shaped objects. The following will provide a comprehensive introduction from the aspects of working principle, equipment structure, usage method, and precautions.

　　超聲波清洗機(jī)的工作原理

　　The working principle of ultrasonic cleaning machine

　　超聲波清洗機(jī)的核心工作原理基于超聲波空化效應(yīng)。當(dāng)高頻聲波在液體介質(zhì)中傳播時，會產(chǎn)生一系列物理化學(xué)作用，從而實現(xiàn)高效清潔。具體過程如下：

　　The core working principle of ultrasonic cleaning machine is based on ultrasonic cavitation effect. When high-frequency sound waves propagate in liquid media, a series of physical and chemical reactions are generated, thereby achieving efficient cleaning. The specific process is as follows:

　　超聲波發(fā)生器產(chǎn)生20kHz至400kHz的高頻電信號，通過換能器轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械振動。這些振動通過清洗槽壁傳遞到清洗液中，使液體分子產(chǎn)生高頻往復(fù)運(yùn)動。在聲波的負(fù)壓半周期，液體被"拉開"形成微米級的真空空化泡；在正壓半周期，這些空化泡迅速崩潰閉合，瞬間產(chǎn)生高達(dá)10,000psi(約69MPa)的局部壓力和20,000°F(約11,000°C)的高溫。這種空化泡的持續(xù)形成和崩潰過程會產(chǎn)生強(qiáng)大的微射流沖擊波，能夠滲透到物體最細(xì)微的縫隙中，將附著在表面的污垢層層剝離。

　　The ultrasonic generator generates high-frequency electrical signals ranging from 20kHz to 400kHz, which are converted into mechanical vibrations through a transducer. These vibrations are transmitted through the walls of the cleaning tank to the cleaning solution, causing high-frequency reciprocating motion of liquid molecules. During the negative pressure half cycle of sound waves, the liquid is "pulled apart" to form micro scale vacuum cavitation bubbles; During the positive pressure half cycle, these cavitation bubbles rapidly collapse and close, instantly generating local pressures of up to 10000 psi (approximately 69 MPa) and high temperatures of 20000 ° F (approximately 11000 ° C). The continuous formation and collapse process of this cavitation bubble will generate powerful micro jet shock waves, which can penetrate into the smallest gaps of the object and peel off the dirt layer by layer attached to the surface.

　　空化作用的強(qiáng)度與超聲波頻率密切相關(guān)。低頻超聲波(20-30kHz)產(chǎn)生的空化泡較大，爆破力更強(qiáng)，適合清洗大型、重型零件或去除嚴(yán)重污垢；高頻超聲波(40kHz以上)產(chǎn)生的空化泡更小更密集，適合精密零件和微小顆粒的清洗，且對工件表面損傷更小。一些特殊應(yīng)用如半導(dǎo)體清洗甚至使用高達(dá)400kHz的頻率。

　　The intensity of cavitation is closely related to the frequency of ultrasonic waves. Low frequency ultrasound (20-30kHz) generates larger cavitation bubbles with stronger explosive force, making it suitable for cleaning large and heavy parts or removing severe dirt; The cavitation bubbles generated by high-frequency ultrasound (above 40kHz) are smaller and denser, suitable for cleaning precision parts and small particles, and have less damage to the surface of the workpiece. Some special applications, such as semiconductor cleaning, even use frequencies up to 400kHz.

　　除了主要的空化作用外，超聲波清洗還伴隨以下輔助效應(yīng)：聲流效應(yīng)增強(qiáng)液體攪拌和擴(kuò)散；非線性效應(yīng)產(chǎn)生微聲流；化學(xué)清洗劑的乳化分散作用在超聲波作用下被加速。這些效應(yīng)共同作用，使超聲波清洗能夠處理各種復(fù)雜形狀的工件，包括帶有盲孔、微細(xì)孔道的零件。

　　In addition to the main cavitation effect, ultrasonic cleaning is also accompanied by the following auxiliary effects: acoustic flow effect enhances liquid stirring and diffusion; Nonlinear effects generate micro acoustic flow; The emulsifying and dispersing effect of chemical cleaning agents is accelerated under the action of ultrasound. These effects work together to enable ultrasonic cleaning to handle various complex shaped workpieces, including parts with blind holes and micro pores.

　　超聲波清洗機(jī)的結(jié)構(gòu)與組成

　　Structure and composition of ultrasonic cleaning machine

　　一臺完整的超聲波清洗設(shè)備通常由以下幾個核心部件構(gòu)成，每個部件都有其特定功能：

　　A complete ultrasonic cleaning equipment usually consists of the following core components, each with its specific function:

　　超聲波發(fā)生器：作為設(shè)備的核心控制單元，它將市電轉(zhuǎn)換為高頻電信號，通常頻率在20kHz至100kHz之間可調(diào)?，F(xiàn)代超聲波發(fā)生器還具有功率調(diào)節(jié)、頻率自動跟蹤、定時控制和溫度保護(hù)等功能。

　　Ultrasonic generator: As the core control unit of the equipment, it converts mains electricity into high-frequency electrical signals, typically adjustable in frequency between 20kHz and 100kHz. Modern ultrasonic generators also have functions such as power regulation, automatic frequency tracking, timing control, and temperature protection.

　　換能器：負(fù)責(zé)將電能轉(zhuǎn)換為機(jī)械振動。主要有兩種類型：壓電式換能器（采用鋯鈦酸鉛等陶瓷材料，利用壓電效應(yīng)）和磁致伸縮換能器（采用鎳或鎳合金，利用磁變形效應(yīng)）。壓電換能器因其高效率和小型化優(yōu)勢更為常用。

　　Transducers: responsible for converting electrical energy into mechanical vibrations. There are mainly two types: piezoelectric transducers (using ceramic materials such as lead zirconate titanate, utilizing the piezoelectric effect) and magnetostrictive transducers (using nickel or nickel alloys, utilizing the magnetic deformation effect). Piezoelectric transducers are more commonly used due to their high efficiency and miniaturization advantages.

　　清洗槽：通常由耐腐蝕、耐高溫的不銹鋼制成，用于盛放清洗液和待清洗工件。槽體設(shè)計需考慮聲學(xué)特性，確保超聲波均勻分布。一些高端設(shè)備還在槽內(nèi)設(shè)置側(cè)壁換能器，實現(xiàn)多方向清洗。

　　Cleaning tank: usually made of corrosion-resistant and high-temperature resistant stainless steel, used to hold cleaning solution and workpieces to be cleaned. The design of the tank body needs to consider acoustic characteristics to ensure uniform distribution of ultrasonic waves. Some high-end devices also have side wall transducers installed in the slot to achieve multi-directional cleaning.

　　清洗液系統(tǒng)：包括清洗液本身及其循環(huán)過濾、加熱裝置。清洗液可以是水基溶液、有機(jī)溶劑或?qū)Ｓ门浞?，根?jù)清洗對象選擇。加熱系統(tǒng)一般將液溫維持在40-60°C以增強(qiáng)清洗效果。過濾系統(tǒng)用于去除液體中的污染物，延長使用壽命。

　　Cleaning solution system: including the cleaning solution itself and its circulating filtration and heating devices. The cleaning solution can be a water-based solution, organic solvent, or specialized formula, depending on the cleaning target. The heating system generally maintains the liquid temperature at 40-60 ° C to enhance the cleaning effect. The filtration system is used to remove pollutants from liquids and extend their service life.

　　輔助系統(tǒng)：包括自動進(jìn)排水裝置、溢流除油裝置、干燥系統(tǒng)等。全自動機(jī)型還配備傳送帶、機(jī)械臂等自動化組件，實現(xiàn)連續(xù)作業(yè)。

　　Auxiliary system: including automatic water inlet and outlet device, overflow oil removal device, drying system, etc. The fully automatic model is also equipped with automation components such as conveyor belts and robotic arms to achieve continuous operation.

　　表：超聲波清洗機(jī)主要組件及功能

　　Table: Main components and functions of ultrasonic cleaning machine

　　組件名稱主要功能技術(shù)特點(diǎn)

　　Component Name Main Function Technical Features

　　超聲波發(fā)生器產(chǎn)生高頻電信號頻率可調(diào)，功率可控，具備保護(hù)功能

　　The ultrasonic generator generates high-frequency electrical signals with adjustable frequency, controllable power, and protective function

　　換能器電-機(jī)械能量轉(zhuǎn)換壓電式或磁致伸縮式，安裝于槽底或側(cè)壁

　　Transducers for electrical mechanical energy conversion, piezoelectric or magnetostrictive, installed at the bottom or sidewall of the groove

　　清洗槽容納清洗液和工件不銹鋼材質(zhì)，聲學(xué)優(yōu)化設(shè)計

　　The cleaning tank contains cleaning solution and stainless steel material for workpieces, with acoustic optimization design

　　加熱系統(tǒng)控制清洗液溫度恒溫控制，通常40-60°C

　　Heating system control cleaning solution temperature constant temperature control, usually 40-60 ° C

　　過濾系統(tǒng)凈化清洗液循環(huán)過濾，延長液體使用壽命

　　The filtration system purifies the cleaning solution through circulating filtration, extending the service life of the liquid

　　超聲波清洗機(jī)的使用方法

　　The usage method of ultrasonic cleaning machine

　　正確使用超聲波清洗機(jī)不僅能獲得最佳清洗效果，還能延長設(shè)備壽命。以下是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)操作流程及注意事項：

　　Proper use of ultrasonic cleaning machines can not only achieve optimal cleaning results, but also extend equipment lifespan. The following are standard operating procedures and precautions:

　　準(zhǔn)備工作

　　preparation

　　設(shè)備安裝：將清洗機(jī)放置在平穩(wěn)、通風(fēng)的工作臺上，連接好電源（小型機(jī)用普通插座，大型工業(yè)機(jī)可能需要三相電）。確保設(shè)備良好接地，電源電壓符合要求。對于有外接管路的設(shè)備，需正確連接進(jìn)水管、排水管和溢流管。

　　Equipment installation: Place the cleaning machine on a stable and ventilated workbench, connect the power supply (small machines use ordinary sockets, large industrial machines may require three-phase electricity). Ensure that the equipment is well grounded and the power supply voltage meets the requirements. For equipment with external pipelines, it is necessary to correctly connect the inlet pipe, drainage pipe, and overflow pipe.

　　清洗液選擇與添加：根據(jù)被清洗物的材質(zhì)和污垢性質(zhì)選擇合適的清洗劑。水基清洗劑按1-2%比例稀釋（約5-9公斤清洗劑兌水），有機(jī)溶劑則直接使用。向槽內(nèi)加入液體至推薦液位（通常浸沒過換能器或標(biāo)記線），液面高度應(yīng)保證放入工件后不溢出。

　　Selection and addition of cleaning solution: Choose the appropriate cleaning agent based on the material and nature of the dirt being cleaned. Water based cleaning agents are diluted at a ratio of 1-2% (about 5-9 kilograms of cleaning agent mixed with water), while organic solvents are used directly. Add liquid to the tank to the recommended level (usually submerged over the transducer or marking line), and the liquid level should be high enough to prevent overflow after placing the workpiece.

　　清洗操作步驟

　　Cleaning operation steps

　　工件放置：將待清洗物品放入專用清洗籃中，確保工件間不重疊，均勻分布。清洗量應(yīng)達(dá)到槽容積的60%以上以避免"嘯叫"現(xiàn)象。切勿將工件直接放入槽底，以免損壞換能器。

　　Workpiece placement: Place the items to be cleaned into a dedicated cleaning basket, ensuring that the workpieces do not overlap and are evenly distributed. The cleaning volume should reach more than 60% of the tank capacity to avoid the phenomenon of "whistling". Do not place the workpiece directly into the bottom of the groove to avoid damaging the transducer.

　　參數(shù)設(shè)置：根據(jù)工件材質(zhì)和污染程度設(shè)置合適參數(shù)：

　　Parameter setting: Set appropriate parameters based on the material of the workpiece and the degree of contamination:

　　溫度：一般設(shè)置在40-60°C之間，夏季可稍低(50-55°C)，冬季稍高(60-65°C)，最高不超過70°C。

　　Temperature: Generally set between 40-60 ° C, slightly lower in summer (50-55 ° C) and slightly higher in winter (60-65 ° C), with a maximum not exceeding 70 ° C.

　　時間：輕度污染3-5分鐘，重度污染10-15分鐘，特別頑固污垢可延長至20分鐘。

　　Time: 3-5 minutes for mild pollution, 10-15 minutes for severe pollution, and up to 20 minutes for particularly stubborn dirt.

　　功率：從較低功率開始，逐漸調(diào)高至所需水平。功率過高可能損傷工件，過低則影響效果。

　　Power: Start from a lower power and gradually increase to the desired level. Excessive power may damage the workpiece, while insufficient power may affect the effectiveness.

　　啟動清洗：按下啟動按鈕，超聲波開始工作。觀察清洗過程，如有異常噪音或振動應(yīng)立即停機(jī)檢查。定時功能啟用后，設(shè)備將在設(shè)定時間自動停止。

　　Start cleaning: Press the start button, and the ultrasonic wave will start working. Observe the cleaning process and immediately stop the machine for inspection if there is any abnormal noise or vibration. After the timer function is enabled, the device will automatically stop at the set time.

　　后處理與維護(hù)

　　Post processing and maintenance

　　工件取出與干燥：清洗結(jié)束后，先關(guān)閉超聲波電源再取出工件。用壓縮空氣吹干孔道和表面的殘留液體，防止二次污染和水漬形成。有條件時可進(jìn)行漂洗和熱風(fēng)干燥。

　　Workpiece removal and drying: After cleaning, turn off the ultrasonic power before removing the workpiece. Blow dry the residual liquid in the pores and surface with compressed air to prevent secondary pollution and water stains from forming. When conditions permit, rinsing and hot air drying can be performed.

　　液體處理：當(dāng)液面出現(xiàn)過多浮油時，打開溢流閥排除油污。嚴(yán)重污染的清洗液應(yīng)及時更換。溶劑型清洗液可通過蒸餾回收再利用。

　　Liquid handling: When there is too much floating oil on the liquid surface, open the overflow valve to remove the oil stains. Severely contaminated cleaning solution should be replaced in a timely manner. Solvent based cleaning solutions can be recycled and reused through distillation.

　　設(shè)備保養(yǎng)：每次使用后清潔槽內(nèi)外表面；定期檢查換能器性能；長期不用時應(yīng)排空液體并保持干燥。按照制造商建議定期更換過濾器濾芯。

　　Equipment maintenance: Clean the inner and outer surfaces of the tank after each use; Regularly check the performance of the transducer; When not in use for a long time, the liquid should be emptied and kept dry. Regularly replace the filter cartridge according to the manufacturer's recommendations.

　　應(yīng)用注意事項與常見問題

　　Application precautions and common problems

　　為確保超聲波清洗的安全性和有效性，使用時需特別注意以下事項：

　　To ensure the safety and effectiveness of ultrasonic cleaning, special attention should be paid to the following matters when using:

　　安全注意事項

　　Safety precautions

　　個人防護(hù)：使用溶劑型清洗液時應(yīng)佩戴手套和護(hù)目鏡，確保工作區(qū)域通風(fēng)良好。高溫操作時注意防燙傷。

　　Personal protection: When using solvent based cleaning solutions, gloves and goggles should be worn to ensure good ventilation in the work area. Pay attention to preventing burns during high-temperature operations.

　　電氣安全：定期檢查設(shè)備絕緣性能，避免水汽進(jìn)入電控箱。設(shè)備必須可靠接地，電氣維修應(yīng)由專業(yè)人員進(jìn)行。

　　Electrical safety: Regularly check the insulation performance of equipment to prevent water vapor from entering the electrical control box. The equipment must be reliably grounded, and electrical maintenance should be carried out by professionals.

　　材料兼容性：某些材料如軟金屬(鋁、銅)、鍍層、軟質(zhì)塑料等可能被超聲波損傷，應(yīng)降低功率和縮短時間。橡膠等吸聲材料會減弱超聲波效果。

　　Material compatibility: Some materials such as soft metals (aluminum, copper), coatings, soft plastics, etc. may be damaged by ultrasonic waves, and power and time should be reduced. Rubber and other sound-absorbing materials can weaken the ultrasonic effect.

　　常見問題處理

　　Common problem handling

　　清洗效果不佳：可能原因包括功率設(shè)置過低、頻率不匹配、清洗液選擇不當(dāng)或溫度不合適。應(yīng)逐步檢查調(diào)整參數(shù)，或更換新鮮清洗液。

　　Poor cleaning effect: Possible reasons may include low power settings, mismatched frequencies, improper selection of cleaning solution, or inappropriate temperature. Gradually check and adjust the parameters, or replace with fresh cleaning solution.

　　異常噪音：可能是工件放置不當(dāng)、清洗籃與槽體接觸或換能器故障。應(yīng)重新布置工件或聯(lián)系售后服務(wù)。

　　Abnormal noise: It may be due to improper placement of the workpiece, contact between the cleaning basket and the tank, or a malfunction of the transducer. Workpieces should be rearranged or after-sales service should be contacted.

　　加熱失效：檢查溫控系統(tǒng)設(shè)定和加熱元件連接，確保溫度傳感器工作正常。

　　Heating failure: Check the temperature control system settings and heating element connections to ensure that the temperature sensor is working properly.

　　特殊應(yīng)用技巧

　　Special application skills

　　精密零件清洗：使用高頻(80kHz以上)和小功率，配合專用清洗劑，避免表面損傷。

　　Precision parts cleaning: Use high frequency (above 80kHz) and low power, combined with specialized cleaning agents, to avoid surface damage.

　　重度油污處理：可采用多槽式清洗，先進(jìn)行超聲波溶劑清洗，再用水基清洗劑漂洗。

　　Heavy oil pollution treatment: Multi tank cleaning can be used, first using ultrasonic solvent cleaning, and then rinsing with water-based cleaning agent.

　　殺菌消毒：利用超聲波空化產(chǎn)生的高溫高壓，配合消毒液，可對醫(yī)療器械進(jìn)行高效滅菌。

　　Sterilization and disinfection: By utilizing the high temperature and high pressure generated by ultrasonic cavitation, combined with disinfectant, medical devices can be efficiently sterilized.

　　超聲波清洗技術(shù)憑借其高效、均勻和可深入復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)的優(yōu)勢，已成為現(xiàn)代清潔工藝中不可或缺的工具。通過合理選擇設(shè)備參數(shù)和操作條件，可滿足從工業(yè)零件到精密光學(xué)元件、從珠寶首飾到醫(yī)療器具的各種清洗需求。掌握正確的使用方法和維護(hù)知識，不僅能充分發(fā)揮設(shè)備性能，還能顯著延長其使用壽命。

　　Ultrasonic cleaning technology, with its advantages of high efficiency, uniformity, and the ability to penetrate complex structures, has become an indispensable tool in modern cleaning processes. By selecting appropriate equipment parameters and operating conditions, various cleaning needs from industrial parts to precision optical components, from jewelry to medical equipment can be met. Mastering the correct usage and maintenance knowledge can not only fully utilize equipment performance, but also significantly extend its service life.

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